課程介紹

民主體現了現代人對自由和平等的渴望，它的原意看似單純－人民的自我治理，可是它的意涵和實踐卻充滿了歧異和曖昧性。近來許多民主社會面臨全球化帶來的嚴厲挑戰，民主似乎無法提供有意義的政策選項和足夠好的候選人？民粹主義驅使的選舉和投票似乎威脅到理性思辨的社會？民主似乎威脅到「善治」？人民是否可以被信任自我治理？最近的全球調查顯示許多國家的年輕人對民主逐漸失去信心。
本課程藉由細讀托克維爾的《民主在美國》以及搭配其他文本，幫助學生瞭解近代和當代民主的內涵。本課程將思考以下幾個問題：民主是什麼?民主作為當代社會正當化政治權力的形式程序，是否可能產生實質理性的結果？民主依賴的條件有哪些？民主的運作依賴宗教信仰，還是威脅了宗教?民主和社會習慣、風俗和理念如何相互影響？民主如何威脅到個人自由？平等帶來什麼危險？精英和人民的關係是什麼？民主作為人民自我治理的素樸理念，能否在當代複雜多元快速的工業社會中實現？民主的本質是排他的、還是兼容的？民主和選舉的關係是什麼？民主和民族主義的關係是什麼？追求財富的個人主義社會和民主相容嗎？民主國家比較傾向或不傾向戰爭？

閱讀文本

我們將花12週的時間閱讀托克維爾的《民主在美國》，我們用的英文翻譯本是:
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J. P. Mayer (Perennial Classics: 2000, 2006)

我們將另外花4週閱讀4個民主相關議題，相關文章將印成一本文本。

每週閱讀進度

Week 1 (2/23)
課程介紹

延伸閱讀
(1)The political, social and intellectual context of Tocqueville
Boesche, Roger, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Cornell U. Press, 1987)
Brogin, Hugh, Alexis de Tocqueville: A Life
Jardin, Andre, Tocqueville: A Biography
Wolin, Sheldon, Tocqueville between Two Worlds: The Making of a Political and Theoretical
Life
(2)Thoughts on Democracy before Tocqueville
Pericles, “Funeral Oration”, from Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book 2.34-2.46.
Aristotle, The Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988),
Book I Ch. 1, 2,12; Book III Ch. 1, 7 to 13, 15; Book IV Ch. 1, 2, 6 to 8; Book
V Ch. 1, 5.
Plato, "The Allegory of the Ship" from The Republic
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract, Book I, Ch. I, VI-VIII; Book II, Ch. IIV,
VII-X; Book III, Ch. I-II, XI-XVI; & Book IV, Ch. I, VIII
Benjamin Constant, “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns” (1819).
The Federalist Papers #10, 14, 39, 6

Part I 托克維爾的《民主在美國》

Week 2 (3/2)
Equality as a "social state" and the origins of American politics
-Triadic entanglements of equality/liberty/democracy
-America’s religious founding
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Author’s Preface to the Twelfth Edition, Author’s Introduction, Vol. 1, Part 1, Chap 1-4 (pp.9-60)

延伸閱讀
John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity”
Charles Loyseau, “A Treatise on Orders”

Week 3 (3/9)
The origins of American politics, cont.
National political institutions
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 1, Chap 5-7 (pp.61-111)

延伸閱讀
Patrick J. Deneen, “The Only Permanent State: Tocqueville on Religion and Democracy”, from Democratic Faith (Princeton University State, 2005)

Week 4 (3/16)
National Political Institutions, cont.
-America’s Enlightenment founding
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 1, Chap 8 (pp.112-170)

Week 5 (3/23)
Popular sovereignty
-Public Spirit, rights, democratic Agitation
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 2, Chap 1-5 (pp.171-230)

Week 6 (3/30)
Popular Sovereignty, cont.
Tyranny of the majority and the future of American democracy
-An American Civil Religion?
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 2, Chap 6-9 (pp.231-287)

延伸閱讀
Donald J. Maletz, “Tocqueville’s Tyranny of the Majority Reconsidered” The
Journal of Politics Vol. 64, No. 3 (Aug., 2002), pp. 741-763
Sheldon Wolin, Tocqueville Between Two Worlds: The Making of a Political and
Theoretical Life, Chap 12.
John C. Koritansky,“Afterword,” in Alexis de Tocqueville and the New Science of Politics, pp. 167-185

Week 7 (4/6)
Tyranny of the majority and the future of American democracy, cont.

指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 2, Chap 9-10 (pp.287-339)

延伸閱讀
Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
Robert Putnam, “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America”
Paul Lichterman , Social Capital or Group Style? Rescuing Tocqueville's Insights on Civic Engagement, Theory and Society, Vol. 35, No. 5/6 (Dec., 2006), pp. 529-563
Mitchell, Joshua, The Fragility of Freedom: Tocqueville on Religion, Democracy, and the
American Future (Chicago, 1999).

Week 8 (4/13)
The Present and Probable Future of Race in America
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Part 2, Chap 10, Conclusion (pp.340-413)

延伸閱讀
Alvin B. Tillery, Jr. “Tocqueville as Critical Race Theorist: Whiteness as Property, Interest Convergence, and the Limits of Jacksonian Democracy”, Political Research Quarterly Vol. 62, No. 4 (Dec., 2009), pp. 639-652.
Cheryl Welch, “Creating Concitoyens: Tocqueville on the Legacy of Slavery,” chapter 3 in Raf Geenens and Annelien De Dijn, eds., Reading Tocqueville: From Oracle to Actor (Palgrave 2007), pp. 31-51.

Week 9 (4/20)
The influence of democracy on ideas
-Philosophic method and general beliefs
-Influence of democracy on religion
-Influence of democracy on science, literature and art
-The problem of individualism
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Author’s Preface to Volume Two, Part 1 (all) (pp.417-500)

延伸閱讀
Jack Turner, “American Individualism and Structural Injustice: Tocqueville, Gender, and Race” Polity Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr., 2008), pp. 197-215
Dana Villa, Public Freedom, Ch 3

Week 10 (4/27) 交期中小論文作業
The influence of democracy on sentiments
-Individualism, associations, and self-interest well understood
-Material well-being and the democratic soul
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Part 2 (all) (pp.501-558)

Week 11 (5/4)
The influence of democracy on mores
-Family and the relation between the sexes
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Part 3, Chap 1-14 (pp.559-608)

延伸閱讀
Barbara Allen. 2005. “Bonds of Affection: Republican Motherhood, Sacrifice, and Civic Virtue”, Tocqueville Covenant and the Democratic Revolution. Lanham: Lexington Press. 195–223.

Week 12 (5/11)
The influence of democracy on mores, cont.
-Agitation, honor, ambition, and revolution
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Part 3, Chap 15-26 (pp.609-664)

Week 13 (5/18)
The new despotism and the future of democracy
指定閱讀
Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Part 4 (all) (pp.665-705)

延伸閱讀
Aurelian Craiutu, “Tocqueville's Paradoxical Moderation” The Review of Politics
Vol. 67, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 599-629
Sheldon Wolin, Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter
of Inverted Totalitarianism
Dana Villa, Public Freedom

Part II 民主及其問題

Week 14 (5/25)
選舉並非民主嗎?或者─選舉是民主的必要和核心組成嗎?
指定閱讀
Bernard Manin, Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 70-79, 132-49, 161-63, 175-83.
Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (George Allen & Unwin, 1943, 1976), pp. 250-64, 269-283.
Przeworski, Adam. “Minimalist conception of democracy: a defense.” In Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon, Democracy’s Value. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. (pp.23-55)

延伸閱讀
Morris P. Fiorina, “The Decline of Collective Responsibility in American Politics,” Daedalus (Summer 1980), pp. 25-45.
Larry Bartels, “The Irrational Electorate,” Wilson Quarterly (2008).
Anthony Downs, “The Causes and Effects of Rational Abstention,” in An Economic Theory of Democracy. (Harper, 1975), pp. 260-274.
Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (New York: Wiley & Sons), pp. xxiii-xxxvii, pp. 372-93.
E. E. Schattschneider, Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America (New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), pp. 20-46.
Kenneth Shepsle, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), pp. 191-217.

Week 15 (6/1)
資本主義和民主能夠良好共存嗎?
指定閱讀
Milton Friedman, “The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom”, in Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 7-21.
Charles E. Lindblom, “The Market as Prison,” Journal of Politics 44:2 (May 1982), pp. 324-336.
Wolfgang Streeck, “The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism,” New Left Review 71 (Sept-Oct 2011), pp. 5-29.

延伸閱讀
T. H. Marshall, “Citizenship and Social Class” in Class, Citizenship and Social Development (New York: Anchor, 1977), pp. 71-134.

Week 16 (6/8)
設計參與民主機制
指定閱讀
John McCormick, Machiavellian Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. ch. 7. (pp.170-188)
Warren, Mark E. and Hilary Pearse. Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Introduction (pp.1-19)
Ackerman, Bruce and James S. Fishkin. “Deliberation Day.” Journal of Political Philosophy, June 2002, 10:2, 129-152.
Gar Alperovitz, “Inequality and Giant Corporations”; “A Direct Stake in Economic Life: Worker-Owned Firms”, America beyond capitalism : reclaiming our wealth, our liberty, and our democracy (Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, c2005)

延伸閱讀
Mansbridge, Jane. Beyond Adversary Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. Chs. 1, 14, 18.
Jeffrey Green - "Learning How Not to Be Good: A Plebeian Perspective"
Jeffrey Green - The Eyes of the People, Ch. 1-2

Week 17(6/15)
威權政體與民主的未來
指定閱讀
Larry Diamond, “Why Are There No Arab Democracies?” Journal of Democracy 21:1 (January 2010), pp. 93-104.
Michael A. McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, “The Myth of the Authoritarian Model,” Foreign Affairs 87 (January–February 2008), pp.
68–84.
Stephen Holmes, “Fragments of A Defunct State,” London Review of Books, 34:1 (January 5, 2012), pp. 23-25.
Elizabeth Perry. “Chinese Conceptions of Rights: From Mencius to Mao to Now,” Perspectives on Politics (January 2008), pp. 37-50.

延伸閱讀
Lucan Way, “The Real Causes of the Color Revolutions” Journal of Democracy (2009), pp. 55-67.
Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik “Getting Real about ‘Real Causes’” Journal of Democracy, (2009), pp. 69-73

Week 18 (6/22) 交期末小論文作業
民粹與民主(期末考週不上課)
指定閱讀
Laclau, Ernesto. Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: capitalism, fascism, populism. (London: NLB, 1977) pp. 143-198.
Mudde (2004), ‘The Populist Zeitgeist’, Government and Opposition, 39(3): 541–63.
Jansen, Robert S. (2011). ‘Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach to Populism’. Sociological Theory, 29(2), pp. 75–96.
Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira. 2012. ‘The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy’. Democratization 9/2: 184–208.

延伸閱讀
Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.
M Rooduijn, SL De Lange, W Van Der Brug. 2014. “A populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe.” Party Politics 20/4: 563-575.
Kazin, Michal. 1995. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Taggart, P. (2000), Populism (Buckingham: Open University Press).
Arlie R. Hochschild. 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. The New Press.


其他延伸閱讀

Danielle Allen, Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education
Ewa Atanassow and Richard Boyd, ed, Tocqueville and the Frontiers of Democracy (Cambridge, 2013)
Ben Berger, Attention Deficit Democracy: The Paradox of Civic Engagement
Roger Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Cornell U. Press, 1987).
James W. Ceaser, Liberal Democracy and Political Science (Johns Hopkins, 1990)
Doris Goldstein, Trial of Faith: Religion and Politics in Tocqueville's Thought (Elsevier, 1975).
Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (Harvest Books, 1991).
Laura Janara, Democracy Growing Up: Authority, Autonomy, and Passion in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America (State University of New York Press, 2002).
Peter Augustine Lawler, The Restless Mind: Alexis de Tocqueville on the Origin and Perpetuation of Human Liberty (Roman & Littlefield, 1993).
Jack Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Clarendon Press, 1962).
Jane J. Mansbridge, Beyond Adversary Democracy (University of Chicago, 1983)
Pierre Manent, Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1996).
Joshua Mitchell, The Fragility of Freedom: Tocqueville on Religion, Democracy, and the American Future (Chicago, 1999).
Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton, 2006).
Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone (Simon and Schuster, 2001).
James Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville's Democracy in America (Liberty Fund, 2000).
Marvin Zetterbaum, Tocqueville and the Problem of Democracy (Stanford University Press, 1967).